The quote “Dripping water hollows out stone, not through force but through persistence” is often used to inspire consistent action for change. However, it can be seen from another angle, namely the slow and consistent process of victimisation.
We have probably all, at one point or another in our lives, been victimised, and we may also have victimised someone ourselves. For my part, I was bullied by classmates at school, then later by my boyfriend and then again by my boss. And yet, I am by no means subdued, submissive or any of the common stereotypes about bullied individuals. On the contrary, I have always had a strong personality, I am outspoken and extroverted, communicative and enthusiastic. But none of us are ever just one thing. And so, while I flourish in a welcoming environment, I shrivel in the face of aggression.

Like most victims of bullying, I only blamed myself at first. I then went on to solely blame my bully, pulling myself out of the equation. Finally, I realised that both parties play a role in this power game. The fault, I believe, still lies solely with the bully, even if they are often themselves former victims of bullying. Nonetheless, bullying rests on dynamics between two or more people, who all play a part in it. Blaming the tormentor will not help the sufferer in the long run, but I think that understanding the dynamics which turn self-confident adults into self-doubting children can be helpful. The question is: how does one person take away the power from another without the use of force or threat thereof?
If bullying is a power game, manipulation is its motor, and whether it happens at the level of the individual or the group, it can only be effective when it is slow and gradual. No wife beater ever attacked their partner at their first encounter, nor did Nazi leadership expose its true goals to the masses as they initially ran for election. Like propaganda, any manipulation functions as a poison you slowly and unwittingly ingest every day. Before you realise it, your sense of self has shifted or crumbled. The impact of verbal and psychological abuse is indeed like dripping water on stone: the constant repetition of a message over time impacts our perception and also self-perception. This slow process is illustrated in one of my favourite films, George Cukor’s classic “Gaslight”, in which Joseph Cotton’s character Brian Cameron reveals to Ingrid Bergman’s Paula Alquist at the end:
“You’re slowly and systematically being driven out of your mind.”
– “Gaslight” (Dir. George Cukor, Screenplay by John Van Druten, Walter Reisch, John L. Balderston ; Based on, “Gas Light” 1938 play by Patrick Hamilton)
blatantly manipulated by her husband, Gregory (Charles Boyer) in Cukor’s 1944 “Gaslight”.
The film is based on a play that inspired the term “gaslighting“, used to refer to a specific type of manipulation where the manipulator is trying to get someone else to question their own reality, memory or perceptions. Thus, day after day, the bullies insidiously isolate their victim, question their worth while feigning, or even believing, they care about the victim’s welfare. More often than not, the bullies feel they are justified in their actions. When they don’t see themselves as victims, they believe they are helping their victims become tougher. Whether male or female, bullies generally mistake toughness for strength, which is still common in the workplace, at school, and in the personal sphere. A bullied child is often simply branded as “too sensitive”, and a bullied adult is commonly advised to seek therapy for him-/herself, rather than being encouraged to flee or stand up to their bully.
As a great believer in the premise that we always have a choice in life, I am baffled by this feeling of powerlessness that comes with being bullied. Like Jean-Paul Sartre, I like to believe we always have a choice as to how to act, or even whether to act. Even when the outcome is inevitable, even when death is staring us in the face, we can still choose how we reach our final destination. As Jimmy Cliff sang in the 1970s Jamaican movie “The harder they come”:
“I’d rather be a free man in my grave, than living as a puppet or a slave.”
– “The Harder They Come” (Lyrics by Jimmy Cliff)
How come, then, do so few victims of bullying stand up to their bullies or flee? This question was raised in a very different context by István Szabó and Israel Horovitz in the 1999 historical drama “Sunshine” about a Jewish Hungarian family. In one scene, Ivan Sors (Sonnenschein), having survived a labour camp, shares with his uncle Gustav that he and 2000 other inmates watched his father slowly be killed, but could do nothing to stop it. To this, Gustav indignantly asks: “How could 13 guards hold back 2000 people?”
Perhaps this question had something to do with the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising, which proved that resistance to the Nazis by Jewish communities did happen, albeit unsuccessfully. One of the few survivors of this uprising, Marek Edelman, said:
“It was a defensive action. We fought simply not to allow the Germans alone to pick the time and place of our deaths.”
– Marek Edelman
The real question is why this was so exceptional. How come entire populations were rendered powerless, in much the same way a bullied individual feels? The very same people would not have behaved the same way a mere decade earlier, so what is it that chips away at our defences until we are helpless?
I looked at several psychology studies to better understand how masses could be turned into either ruthless killers or helpless victims. The famous Milgram Experiment on obedience to authority figures showed that a majority of people would obey authority figures, even when instructed to perform acts conflicting with their own conscience. As we see in our everyday lives, when the burden of responsibility is lifted from the individual, most can be manipulated to abandon their values, morality, and even humanity. Thus, one element of response to how victims are left unshielded by their bullies or offenders is the uncontested rule of authority.
I found another element in the Stanford Prison Experiment, which simulated a prison environment, where the participants were divided into guards and prisoners. After six days, the experiment was cut short due to the increasingly brutal psychological abuse of the “prisoners” by the “guards”. This experiment illustrates how being granted power with little or no accountability awakens a propensity to harm others. On the other end of the power balance, when stripped of their rights and individuality, most people will be rendered powerless and submissive, even if they would not be so under different circumstances.
And then, of course, there is fear, this very powerful instrument in the victim-bully dynamics. Totalitarian leaders, authoritarian bosses, the media, as well as domestic abusers, all have this in common: they use fear to mould and subjugate. But while gaslighting an individual requires isolating the victim to achieve this goal, large-scale indoctrination requires the opposite, namely the individual’s inclination to conform to a collectivity. The Asch Conformity Experiments showed that a majority of people will at least partially conform to the group, even against their own beliefs or better judgment. In view of this, should we not ask ourselves how many of us would dare to speak up in a room full of people we disagree with?
I’ve been trying to understand these dynamics for decades, and this quest for answers has helped me. Still, some questions have remained unanswered for me. Although I have very little respect for the silent conformist majority that, like sheep, goes along with anything a loud-mouthed leader says, I can see why this flock of followers act the way they do. They are afraid to go against the flow and be ostracised. Although I despise this cowardice, I can understand it. But those I still cannot understand are the bullies themselves. As most of them have been bullied before becoming bullies, I do not comprehend how they can inflict the pain they have known on others. And yet, many are those who thoughtlessly repeat the patterns they recognise, mistaking ruling by fear for character strength.
Fortunately, just as grass can grow through concrete, there are former victims of bullying who will tap into their own emotions to connect with other victims, to empathise and even empower them. Growing up, I have seen former victims of bullying or discrimination choose this path which, in turn, inspired me to do the same.

Being excluded by my class bully and her minions at school led me to identify with discriminated communities. This motivated me to found a non-profit organisation and a festival dedicated to Romani cultures and history, informing a broader audience of the exclusion and racism faced by Roma worldwide. Being shut out as a foreigner drove me to chair the International Students Committee at University in the UK, to help create a supportive community. Being bullied also forced me to question how I raise my daughter, which inspired me to write a children’s book about bullying in primary school.

Text and story: Ljuba Radman, illustrations: Tijana Djapovic (c)
Though my childhood scars did not prevent me from being bullied later on in life, they have helped me develop empathy with others and become an advocate for inclusion and equity. Likewise, this experience has taught me to truly value human kindness for the great treasure that it is.
Oversimplifying the vast issue of victimisation would be a mistake, since these human interactions are extremely complex. Regardless of our best intentions, we all carry the weight of our past, which can taint our behaviour and the way we communicate with each other. But I do think we need to strive to remain critical and introspective, while developing honest communication channels, so that we can continue to grow, both through nurture and pain.
(Title: Quote by Ovid)



















